Questions
What is the diameter of the observable universe?
The radius of the observable universe is . estimated to be about .. 46.5 billion light-years and its diameter about ..93 billion light-years, 8.8×1023 kilometres or 5.5×1023 miles).
The observable universe is a spherical region of the universe
comprising all matter that can be observed from Earth or its
space-based telescopes and exploratory probes at the present
time, because electromagnetic radiation from these objects
has had time to reach the Solar System and Earth since the
beginning of the cosmological expansion.
There are at least 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe.
We can only see a certain volume of all that's out there. Since
the universe is 13.8 billion years old, light from a galaxy more
than 13.8 billion light-years away hasn't had time to reach us
yet, so we have no way of knowing such a galaxy exists.
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.. the universe is at least 250 times larger than the observable
universe, or at least 7 trillion light-years across. "That's big,
but actually more tightly constrained that many other models,"
according to MIT Technology Review, which first reported the
2011 story.
Main question 1
How did they see beyond the observable universe?